Education, explanation, reassurance, general advice (activity pattern, awareness, mindfulness to avoid inactivity and painful flare ups)
Advice on regular exercising, stretching (e.g. non-impact exercising, such as swimming, cycling, walking, Back classes, Pilates, Yoga) and referral to physiotherapy
Medication recommendations (Paracetamol, Anti-inflammatories, weak and strong opioids, Anti-neuropathic medications such as antidepressants and antiepileptics, topical treatments such as numbing patches)
Injections (for back and neck pain, arm and leg pain, localised pain on chest and abdominal wall, occipital headache) Info under: http://www.painspa.co.uk/procedures/all-procedures.html
Complimentary treatments (TENS, referral for acupuncture, advice about chiropracters, osteopaths)
Referral for counselling, Talking therapy (1:1 or in groups, referral to psychologist, psychiatrist)
Referral to other specialists if required (orthopaedic, general surgeons, neurosurgeons, neurologist, psychiatrist, rheumatologist)
Referral to the pain management programme (In-patient course for 4 weeks or out-patient course for 6-8 weeks one day per week for 3-6 hours)
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