An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) occurs when the walls of the main blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart (the aorta) are bulging or dilated. It is located in the abdominal area. Aneurysms can also occur in other areas of the aorta, but the abdomen is the most common site. AAA can be repaired either through “open surgery” or with the use of an “endovascular stent graft" (Endovascular aneurysm repair = EVAR) Open surgery — Open surgical correction of AAA involves removing the section of the abdominal aorta that is dilated and replacing it with a prosthesis made of synthetic material (also known as a graft) that is sutured into place . This will allow blood to flow normally and the artery wall is used to cover the graft. Planned or elective surgery reduces the risk of rupture of large asymptomatic AAA.

Manual removal of placenta (MROP) is the evacuation of the placenta from the uterus by hand. A hand is inserted through the vagina into the uterine cavity and the placenta is detached from the uterine wall and then removed manually.

An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) occurs when the walls of the main blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart (the aorta) are bulging or dilated. It is located in the abdominal area. Aneurysms can also occur in other areas of the aorta, but the abdomen is the most common site. AAA can be repaired either through “open surgery” or with the use of an “endovascular stent graft" (Endovascular aneurysm repair = EVAR) EVAR is a minimally invasive surgery to repair an aneurysm. It is performed through a small hole in the groin, rather than the large incision across the abdomen used in traditional surgery. Usually, it is performed in a hybrid theatre under X-ray guidance with the option to convert to open surgery if needed. EVAR is less invasive than open surgery and is now the preferred method to repair an AAA.

Tears are common in women having a vaginal birth and range from small nicks and abrasions to deep lacerations affecting several pelvic floor muscles. A tear that also involves the muscle that controls the anus (the anal sphincter) is known as a third-degree tear. If the tear extends further into the lining of the anus or rectum it is known as a fourth-degree tear. Overall, a third- or fourth-degree tear occurs in about 3 in 100 women having a vaginal birth. It is slightly more common with the first vaginal birth, occurring in 6 in 100 women, compared with 2 in 100 women who have had a vaginal birth previously.

The operation releases compression and pressure from a disc or ligament or bony structure compressing a nerve or the spinal cord. It can involve a laminectomy, discectomy and/or spinal fusion. Lumbar decompression is often used to treat : 1. Spinal stenosis -narrowing of a section of the spinal column due to degenerative disc bulge combined with overgrowth of bone such as facet joints or as a results of thickening of the ligamentum flavum, and leads to a compression of the dural sac and spinal nerves. 2. Slipped disc with persistent sciatica symptoms - where a damaged spinal disc presses down on an underlying nerve . 3. Spinal injury - such as a fracture or swelling of the tissue 4. Metastatic spinal cord compression - where cancer spreads into the spine and presses on the spinal cord or nerves.

Removal of a fatty deposit (plaque) from the carotid artery (arterial blood vessel in the neck that supplies the head and neck with blood). Blockade of these large arteries can cause a stroke, and this operation is used to prevent strokes. It can also be performed as a prophylactic operation to prevent a stroke (cerebral ischaemia)..